Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of suicidal behavior. Part 2. Screening, intervention, and prevention

This article continues our presentation of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of patients with suicidal behavior, with a focus on screening, intervention, postvention, prevention, and promotion. For the development of these guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and SciELO databases for research published from 1997 to 2020. Systematic reviews, clinical trials, and cohort/observational studies on screening, intervention, and prevention in suicidal behavior were included. This project involved 14 Brazilian psychiatry professionals and 1 psychologist selected by the Psychiatric Emergencies Committee of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association for their experience and knowledge in psychiatry and psychiatric emergencies. Publications were evaluated according to the 2011 Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence Classification. Eighty-five articles were reviewed (of 5,362 initially collected and 755 abstracts on the drug approach). Forms of screening, intervention, and prevention are presented. The intervention section presents evidence for psychotherapeutic and drug interventions. For the latter, it is important to remember that each medication is effective only for specific groups and should not replace treatment protocols. We maintain our recommendation for the use of universal screening plus intervention. Although the various studies differ in terms of the populations evaluated and several proposals are presented, there is already significant evidence for certain interventions. Suicidal behavior can be analyzed by evidence-based medicine protocols. Currently, the best strategy is to combine several techniques through the Safety Plan. Nevertheless, further research on the topic is needed to elucidate some approaches with particular potential for intervention and prevention. Systematic review registry number: CRD42020206517

Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of suicidal behavior. Part 1. Risk factors, protective factors, and assessment

Suicide is a global public health problem that causes the loss of more than 800,000 lives each year, principally among young people. In Brazil, the average mortality rate attributable to suicide is approximately 5.23 per 100,000 population. Although many guidelines have been published for the management of suicidal behavior, to date, there are no recent guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine that apply to the reality of suicide in Brazil. The objective of this work is to provide key guidelines for managing patients with suicidal behavior in Brazil. This project involved 11 Brazilian psychiatry professionals selected by the Psychiatric Emergencies Committee (Comissão de Emergências Psiquiátricas) of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association for their experience and knowledge in psychiatry and psychiatric emergencies. For the development of these guidelines, 79 articles were reviewed (from 5,362 initially collected and 755 abstracts). In this review, we present definitions, risk and protective factors, assessments, and an introduction to the Safety Plan. Systematic review registry number: CRD42020206517

Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 2. Pharmacological approach

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: This is a systematic review of articles retrieved from the MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SciELO databases published from 1997 to 2017. Other relevant articles in the literature were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: Of 5,362 articles retrieved, 1,731 abstracts were selected for further reading. The final sample included 74 articles that met all inclusion criteria. The evidence shows that pharmacologic treatment is indicated only after non-pharmacologic approaches have failed. The cause of the agitation, side effects of the medications, and contraindications must guide the medication choice. The oral route should be preferred for drug administration; IV administration must be avoided. All subjects must be monitored before and after medication administration. Conclusion: If non-pharmacological strategies fail, medications are needed to control agitation and violent behavior. Once medicated, the patient should be monitored until a tranquil state is possible without excessive sedation. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 1. Non-pharmacological approach

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: These guidelines were developed based on a systematic review of articles published from 1997 to 2017, retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and SciELO. Other relevant articles identified by searching the reference lists of included studies were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: We initially selected 1,731 abstracts among 5,362 articles. The final sample included 104 articles that fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The management of agitated patients should always start with the least coercive approach. The initial non-pharmacological measures include a verbal strategy and referral of the patient to the appropriate setting, preferably a facility designed for the care of psychiatric patients with controlled noise, lighting, and safety aspects. Verbal de-escalation techniques have been shown to decrease agitation and reduce the potential for associated violence in the emergency setting. The possibility of underlying medical etiologies must be considered first and foremost. Particular attention should be paid to the patient's appearance and behavior, physical signs, and mental state. If agitation is severe, rapid tranquilization with medications is recommended. Finally, if verbal measures fail to contain the patient, physical restraint should be performed as the ultimate measure for patient protection, and always be accompanied by rapid tranquilization. Healthcare teams must be thoroughly trained to use these techniques and overcome difficulties if the verbal approach fails. It is important that healthcare professionals be trained in non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation as part of the requirements for a degree and graduate degree. Conclusion: The non-pharmacological management of agitated patients should follow the hierarchy of less invasive to more invasive and coercive measures, starting with referral of the patient to an appropriate environment, management by a trained team, use of verbal techniques, performance of physical and mental assessment, use of medications, and, if unavoidable, use of the mechanical restraint. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Depressão, estresse e alexitimia em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus HIV / Depression, stress and alexitimy in patients with infection by the HIV virus

Durante o curso da infecção pelo HIV, é comum a depressão; um alto nível de estresse pode derivar em uma menor competência imunitária. Alexitimia é uma reação "estado" para os efeitos de doenças físicas sérias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar níveis de depressão, estresse e alexitimia em pacientes portadores de HIV correlacionandoos ao nível de células TCD4+ e ocorrência de infecções oportunistas. Foram selecionados 50 pacientes portadores de HIV. Escalas para avaliação dos níveis de depressão, estresse e alexitimia foram aplicadas. Houve depressão leve em 48% dos pacientes, moderada (28%) e grave (4%). São alexitimicos 82%. Apresentaram sintomas físicos e psicológicos do estresse 78%. Pacientes com taxa de linfócitos TCD4.

During the course of the infection by HIV, depression is common. A high stress level can result in a smaller imunitary competence. Alexitimy is a reaction "state" for the effects of serious physical diseases. This work aimed to evaluate the depression levels, stress and alexitemy in patients infected with HIV. Fifty patients were selected. Depression, stress and alexitemy were evaluated. The application of scales showed low depression in 48% of patients, moderate in 28% and serious in 4%. 82% are alexitemics and 78% presented physical and psychological symptoms of stress. Patients with TCD4 linfocites tax.

Avaliaçäo da associaçäo da terapêutica medicamentosa e a terapia cognitivo-comportamental no tratamento da obesidade / Assessment of pharmacotherapy association with cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of obesity

A obesidade apresenta etiologia multifatorial, implicando em tratamento multidisciplinar. O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar a açäo da dietoterapia, estímulo de atividades físicas, a aplicaçäo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) e a utilizaçäo do femproporex no tratamento da paciente obesa. Durante seis meses, 40 pacientes do sexo feminino com índice de massa corporal (IMC) maior que 30 foram orientadas quanto à dietoterapia com valor calórico total (VCT) de 1.200 kcal/dia, exercícios físicos e receberam femproporex, nas doses de 25 ou 50 mg diários. As pacientes foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: em um grupo foi aplicada a TCC (Grupo T) e no outro näo (Grupo M). Os dados antropométricos (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal e relaçäo cintura-quadril - RCQ) foram avaliados quinzenalmente, bem como a anamnese e o exame físico completo, sendo realizada avaliaçäo laboratorial no início e ao término do estudo. Ambos os grupos apresentavam valores basais semelhantes do peso corporal, IMC e RCQ. O grupo M apresentou apresentou reduçäo ponderal média do peso corporal de 13,1 (15,5 porcento) do peso inicial e reduçäo porcentual no IMC de 16,8 porcento. Ambos os grupos apresentaram reduçäo estatísticamente significante dos valores do colesterol total e triglicérides séricos. Os demais parâmetros laboratoriais näo apresentaram variaçäo nos dois grupos. O femproporex foi considerado pelas pacientes como eficaz em 100 porcento do grupo M e 92,7 porcento do grupo T, sendo a diminuíçäo do apetite o efeito positivo mais citados nos dois grupos. O femproporex demonstrou ser uma opçäo válida para o tratamento medicamentoso da obesidade, considerando sua boa tolerabilidade e seu baixo custo.(au)

Tratamento medicamentoso dos tumores hipofisários. Parte II: adenomas secretores de ACTH, TSH e adenomas clinicamente näo funcionantes / Drug therapy of hypophyseal tumors. Part II: ACTH and TSH secreting adenomas and functionless clinically adenomas

Este artigo revisa o potencial papel do tratamento medicamentoso para os adenomas hipofisários secretores de ACTH, TSH e aqueles clinicamente näo-funcionantes (ACNF). Metirapona, mitotano e cetoconazol (preferível por causar menos efeitos colaterais) säo as drogas mais eficazes no controle do hipercortisolismo, mas nenhuma delas supera a eficácia da cirurgia transesfeinodal (TSA). O tratamento medicamentoso da doença de Cushing está, portanto, melhor indicado para pacientes aguardando o efeito pleno da radioterapia ou, como alternativa para esta última, em casos de hipercortisolismo persistente após TSA, e para pacientes com rejeiçäo ou limitaçöes clínicaspara a cirurgia. Outra indicaçäo potencial seria em idosos com microadenomas ou pequenos macroadenomas, ou em casos associados a sela vazia. No que se refere aos adenomas secretores de TSH, os análogos somatostatínicos (SRIFa) proporcionam normalizaçäo dos hormônios tireoidianos em até 95 por cento dos casos. Assim, eles podem se mostrar úteis em casos de insucesso da cirurgia ou como terapia primária de casos selecionados. Ocasonalmente, agonistas dopaminérgicos (DA), sobretudo a cabergolina, também podem ser eficazes. Em contraste, DA e SRIFa raramente induzem uma significante reduçäo das dimensöes dos ACNFs. Por isso, em pacientes com tais tumores, essas drogas devem ser principlamente consideradas diante de contra-indicaçöes ou limitaçöes clínicas para a cirurgia ou quando a cirurgia e a radioterapia tenham sido mal-sucedidas.

Tratamento medicamentoso dos tumores hipofisários: parte I: prolactinomas e adenomas secretores de GH / Drug therapy of hypophyseal tumors: part I: prolactinomas and GH secretory adenomas

O recente desenvolvimento de novas drogas, particularmente os análogos da somatostatina (SRIFa), representou um grande processo na terapia dos tumores hipofisários. Os SRIFa mostram-se bastante eficazes na normalizaçäo dos níveis de GH e IGH- 1 em acromegálicos e podem ser uma alternativa para a cirurgia transesfeinodal, mas seu uso como terapia primária da acromegalia fica limitado pelo pequeno efeito dessas drogas na reduçäo das dimensöes do tumor. Os resultados preliminares com os antagonistas do receptor de GH, como o pegvisomant, säo bastante animadores. Tais drogas permitem a normalizaçäo do IGF-1 e melhora clínica em mais de 80 por cento dos casos; entretanto, nao causam reduçäo tumoral. Agonistas dopaminérgicos (DA) represemtam a terapia de escolha para microprolactinonas sintomáticos e macroprolactinomas, permitindo normalizaçäo dos níveis da prolactina e reduçäo do volume do adenoma na maioria dos pacientes . Podem também ser eventualmente eficazes em acromegálicos, sobretudo naqueles com adenomas co-secretores de prolactina e níveis näo muito elevados de GH e IGF-1. Devido a sua maior eficácia e maior tolerabilidade, a carbegolina representa o DA de escolha para o manuseio dos prolactinomas e da acromegalia.